Reported speech is the
report of one speaker or writer on the words spoken, written, or thought by
someone else. Also called reported discourse. Traditionally, two broad
categories of reported speech have been recognized: direct speech (in
which the original speaker's words are quoted word for word) and indirect
speech (in which
the original speaker's thoughts are conveyed without using the speaker's exact
words).
However,
a number of linguists have challenged
this distinction, noting (among other things) that there's significant overlap
between the two categories. Deborah Tannen, for instance, has argued that
"[w] hat is commonly referred to as reported speech or direct
quotation in conversation is constructed dialogue."
Reported
speech atau indirect
speech adalah suatu cara mengungkapkan apa yang orang lain (speaker)
telah katakan secara langsung (direct/quoted speech) berupa pernyataan,
pertanyaan, atau ucapan lainnya dengan mengubah format pembicaraan tersebut
sehingga menjadi lebih jelas, alami, dan efisien bagi pendengarnya. Logikanya,
seorang penyampai berita tidak melaporkan persis setiap kata yang diucapkan
oleh seseorang.
Direct Speech yang diubah menjadi reported speech tersebut
dapat berupa statement
(pernyataan), imperative [command
(perintah), invitation (undangan), request
(permintaan)], yes/no question
(pertanyaan), maupun information question (pertanyaan
akan informasi).
Direct Speech merupakan
kalimat yang menunjukkan ucapan langsung dari seseorang. Kalimat itu diberi
tanda baca (”)
Direct Speech dan Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3
jenis yaitu :
1. Statement
(Pernyataan)
2. Command
(Perintah)
3. Question
(Pertanyaan)
Statement/Pernyataan
Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan
kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar
(introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported words).
Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :
She said that
+ reported words
He said that
+ reported words
Direct
Speech (Statement) : “I’m not playing football now.”
Reported
Speech (Statement) : He said that he was not playing football at the time.
Command/Perintah
Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua)
bagian yaitu Positive command dan Negative command.
1. Positive Command
Dalam perintah positif (positive command) kita
tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara
kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam
jenis ini ialah : to + infinitive.
He
asked me “ wear your clothe.”
He
asked me to wear my clothe.
2. Negative Command
Dalam perintah negatif kita
tambahkan not to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.
Direct Speech (Command/Perintah) : “Don’t
close the door!”
Reported
Speech (Command/Perintah) : She told me not to close the door.
Question/Pertanyaan
Pertanyaan
langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where,
When, Why, What, Who, How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut digunakan
sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan berubah
menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :
The man
asked me “ what are you looking for?
The man
asked me what I’m looking for.
Direct
Speech (Request/Permintaan) : “ Can you
take a pen for me”?
Reported
Speech (Request/Permintaan) : She asked me
not to take a pen
Direct
Speech (Yes-No, Question/Pertanyaan Ya-tidak) : “Did
you grew up there?”
Reported
Speech (Yes-No, Question/Pertanyaan Ya-Tidak) : She
wanted to know if I grow up there.
Direct Speech (Information Question/Informasi
Pertanyaan) : “Who is dead?”
Reported Speech (Information Question/Informasi
Pertanyaan) : She asked me who is dead was.
Indirect speech atau reported speech merupakan cara
mengutarakan pernyataan, perintah, undangan, permintaan atau
pertanyaan orang lain (direct speech)
dengan mengganti format perkataan tersebut agar menjadi lebih efisien bagi
orang yang mendengarnya.
Indirect
Speech/kalimat tak langsung merupakan
kalimat yang berasal dari kalimat langsung yang diceritakan kembali dalam
bentuk yang lain.
Example
: Efran said, “I’m champion”. (Direct Speech)
Efran said that he was champion. (Indirect
Speech)
Example : They said,
“we have won the barclays premier
league”.(Direct Speech)
They said that they had won
the barclays premier league. (Indirect Speech)
We
don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the
'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like
'my' and 'your'.
Past
Tense : I bought a novel yesterday. (Direct Speech)
Past
Perfect : She said that she had bought a novel yesterday. (Indirect Speech)
Past Continuos
: I was reading a newspaper. (Direct Speech)
Past
Perfect Continuos : She said that she had been reading a newspaper. (Indirect
Speech)
Auxiliaries
Verbs merupakan kata kerja bantu yang diletakkan di depan
kata kerja pokok untuk membentuk ‘bentuk waktu’ (tenses), ragam grammatical (voice)
dan modals.
Bentuk-Bentuk Auxiliaries Verbs.
Can :
digunakan untuk menyatakan kemampuan atau keahian.
Could :
digunakan untuk menyatakan permintaan yang sopan.
Must :
digunakan untuk meyatakan keharusan.
Might :
digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kemungkinan.
Should :
digunakan untuk menyatakan anjuran atau keharusan.
Shall :
digunakan untuk menyatakan janji atau bantuan jasa.
May : digunakan
untuk menanyakan suatu kemungkinan yang belum pasti kebenarannya.
Bentuk-Bentuk Auxiliaries verb di ubah kedalam bentuk
Direct Speech dan Indirect Speech.
I can swim
very well. (Direct Speech)
She
said that she could swim very well. (Indirect Speech)
I could
be arrived on time. (Direct Speech)
She
said that she could be arrived on time. (Indirect Speech)
I must
study hard for examination. (Direct Speech)
She
said that she must study hard for examination. (Indirect Speech)
I might
be came late to school. (Direct Speech)
She
said that she might came late to school. (Indirect Speech)
I
should take a rest. (Direct Speech)
She
said that she should take a rest. (Direct Speech)
I shall
meet her tomorrow night. (Direct Speech)
She
said that she would meet her tomorrow night. (Indirect Speech)
I may
be a actor. (Direct Speech)
She
said that she might be a actor. (Indirect Speech)
Exercise
1. (Direct Speech) I can sleep well.
(Indirect Speech) .....................
2. (Direct
Speech) I bought a car two days ago.
(Indirect Speech) ....................
3. (Direct
Speech) I must go now.
(Indirect Speech)
..........................
4. (Direct
Speech) I may come to the office.
(Indirect Speech)
............................
5. (Direct
Speech) I can be late at school.
(Indirect Speech)
..............................
6. (Direct Speech) I’m a doctor.
(Indirect Speech) ...................................
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